The+Biological

 = The Biological Perspective.... . = = = ===The biological perspective emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system and genetics. The physical aspects of behavior and mental processes are studied by biological psychologists. Psychologists and other scientists who study the brain are often called neuroscientists.===

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Pierre Paul Broca (1824-1880) - Famous French neuroanatomist who discovered an area on the lower frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex that roduces speech disturbances when damaged but no a loss of comphrension in1861. Broca took measurements of the human body to determine it's other functions, he focused mainly on the brain. He believed that brain size was a reference to intelligence. This conclusion was based the results of the autopsies that he had taken in four Paris hospitals. He concluded that primitive people had smaller brains than modern people, and that men are more intelligent than women. The latter being an assumption. =====



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K.S. Lashley (1890-1958) - Lashley collaborated with Shepherd J. Franz to study intelligence and the function of the frontal lobes. He proclaimed the cortical specialization theory for motor and sensory fuctions, while challenging the theory of cortical localization. Lashley also brought forth the controversy between the holistic emphasis on the brain and localization. Heis famous for his conclusions based on brain damage in laboratory animals. =====



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Dr. Karl Wernicke (1848-1945) - Wernicke, a German neurologist, originally studied anatomy then went on to stude neuropathology. His fame came when he published a small volume on aphasia, the partial or complete inability to articulate ideas because of brain damage. Discovered an area on the left temporal lobe that when damaged produces meaningless or nonsensical speech and difficultie in comphrension in 1874. =====



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Roger Sperry (1913-1994) - Received the 1981 nobel prize for his research and specialization in split-brain patients. His research reconfirmed the left hemisphere's specialization on language abilities discovered by Broca and Wernicke over a hundred years prior to his research.=====

Mental Illness

         The Biological Perspective of mental illness comes from brain, nervous system, and genetics. Genetics such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety. A person can have brain damage from drugs, diseases, etc. Schizophrenia could come from enlarged brain ventricles. Brain damage can cause loss of memory, impaired speech, and change of behavior. Personality and psychosis can also be changed. Imbalanced hormones, diet deficiences, and virus infections can deal with biological mental illnesses.

Treatment Scientist can study the brain with an MRI or PET scan to study the structure of the mental illness. Scientist have identified neurotransmitters that allows the brain cells to communicate with each other. They include dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, and acetylcholine.