The+Cross-Cultural+Perspective

=  =                         =Cross Cultural/ Social Psychology    = = <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 130%; COLOR: #f9439d; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 130%; COLOR: #f9439d; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 130%; COLOR: #f9439d; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 130%; COLOR: #f9439d; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 130%; COLOR: #f9439d; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center">  Cross Cultural Psychology   =
 * ** Cross Cultural Psychology is a branch of Psychology that studies the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes. **
 * ** By the late 1980's cross cultural psychology was greatly studied. In this process psychologist discovered that some of thier findings were not as universal as thought to be. **
 * **Most people share the natural tendancy to accept their cultures rules as defining what's normal, this is called ethnocentrism.**

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 140%; COLOR: #bf1d94; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center">Social Psychology
> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; COLOR: #e6601e; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; COLOR: #f725f8; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">** __Key People:__
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; COLOR: #e6601e; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Social Psychology is the <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">branch of human psychology that deals with the behavior of groups and the influence of social factors on the individual.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; COLOR: #e6601e; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; COLOR: #ec5d13; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">It is the study of how social conditions affect human beings.

Stanley Milgram ** ====**<span style="COLOR: rgb(0,197,255); FONT-FAMILY: Georgia,serif">  Stanley Milgram was a social psychologist at Yale University, Harvard University, and the City University of New York. He conducted the Small World experiment while at Harvard. While at Yale he completed the Migram experiment on obediance to authority. He was also accredited with discovering the concept of familiar strangers. Instead of pursuing of academics he pursued ideas and subjects that addressed the average man and woman. Milgram published //Obediance To Athourity// in 1974. The Theory of obediance: Every human has the dual capacity to function as an individual exercising his or her own moral judgement and the capacity to make their own moral decisions based on their moral character. **==== <span style="DISPLAY: block; COLOR: rgb(255,0,163); FONT-FAMILY: Georgia,serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center"> <span style="DISPLAY: block; COLOR: rgb(255,0,163); FONT-FAMILY: Georgia,serif; TEXT-ALIGN: center"> <span style="COLOR: rgb(136,0,255); FONT-FAMILY: Georgia,serif">

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 130%; COLOR: #b33dc7; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">__**The Milgram Experiment**__ <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> The Milgram experiment was a series of social psychology experiments that measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience. Milgram focused his experiments on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. In the Experiment subjects, unknowing of the experiment, were asked to administer electric shock of increasing intensity to a "learner" for each mistake he or she made during the experiment. The sublect was told that the experiment was exploring the effects of punishment for inncorrect responses on learning behavior. The "learners" were actors only acting out discomfort as the subject increased the electric shock. The sublects did not know this. The Subjects were encouraged to increase the shock. Sixty percent of the subjects obeyed orders and punished the learners to the end of the 450-volt scale. No subject stopped before reaching 300 volts.

<span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 120%; COLOR: #a100ff; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"> **__Kurt Lewin__ // "There is nothing so practical as a good theory." //** ====  <span style="COLOR: rgb(136,0,255); FONT-FAMILY: Georgia,serif">  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">**Kurt Lewin is recognized as the founder of modern social psychology because of his pioneering work that utilized scientific methods and experimentation to look as social behavior.****He established the Research Center on Group Dynamics at Massachusetts's Institute of Technology. With the program, six major areas were developed. These included the following: group productivity, communication, social perception, intergroup relations, group membership, and training leaders.**     ==== <span style="COLOR: #1655c5; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">__**Lewin's Contributions**__ Lewin was <span style="COLOR: #1655c5; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif"> one of the first psychologists to test human behavior, influencing experimental psychology, social psychology, and personality psychology. He was a prolific writer and published more than 80 articles and eight books on different psychology topics.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #d9173b; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">__Lewin's Field Theory__ ** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #d9173b; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">Lewin developed a theory that emphasized the importance of individual personalities, interpersonal conflict, and situational variables. His Field Theory proposed that behavior is the result of the individual and the environment. This theory had a major impact on social psychology, supporting the notion that our individual traits and the environment interact to cause behavior.

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 130%; COLOR: #1e0ebe; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">**__Bibb Latané and John Darley<span style="COLOR: rgb(86,255,0); FONT-FAMILY: Georgia,serif"> __**
====**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; COLOR: #3ed714; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">Latane and Darley developed the Theory of Social Impact. This theory explains social loafing and the diffusion of responsibility. There are three principles in Latané and Darley's theory of social impact. First, the number of people present and the influence the people have on an individual both contribute to the social effect. The second principle states that the impact of others increases as the number of people increases but the rate of impact does not increase with the number of others added. The third principle is that each person influences others, but as the audience size increases the influence decreases. **====

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<span style="COLOR: #0085ff; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff00b9">  **Philip Zimbardo was born in New York City in 1933. He attended Brooklyn College and majored in social psychology of race relations, but actually researched the behavior of albino rats. He received his bachelor's degree in 1954 from Brooklyn College. In 1959 he went back to social psychology and received his Ph.D. from Yale University. His theory of society is based on the concept of people having different focuses on time (past, present, or future) with different tinges. His works have contributed to a wide variety of topics in social psychology. His works include research on vandalism and cognitive social motivation. One of his best-known research projects was the functional simulation of a prison. He also is own for his research on the causes and treatment of shyness and as the author of introductory textbooks for college students.**   =====

<span style="COLOR: #6000ff; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">**In 1971 Zimbardo became the professor of psychology at Stanford University. This is where he conducted his prison experiment. In this experiment, 24 normal college students were randomly assigned to be "prisoners" or "guards" in a mock prison located in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford. One-third of the guards exhibited sadistic tendencies. Many of the prisoners were emotionally traumatized, and two had to be removed from the experiment early.** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 130%; COLOR: #ff0600; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif"> <span style="COLOR: #7784c5; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">**Solomon E. Asch was a world-renowned American Gestalt psychologist and a pioneer in social psychology. He received his bachelor's degree from New York in 1928. He received his master's degree in 1930 and Ph.D. in 1932. He was a professor of psychology at Swarthmore College for 19 years.**
 * <span style="COLOR: #6000ff; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">__Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment__ **
 * __Solomon E. Asch__**



<span style="COLOR: #7784c5; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif"> **He became famous in the 1950s for his experiments that showed that social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect. He did this through an experiment in which participants were shown a card with a line on it, followed by another card with 3 lines on it labeled a, b, and c. The participants were then asked to say which line matched the line on the first card. At first, the subject would feel very at ease in the experiment, as he and the other participants gave the obvious answer. Shortly after, the participants in front of the subject started to all give the wrong answer. Solomon Asch thought that the majority of people would not conform to something obviously wrong. The results showed that an alarming number of participants gave the wrong answer.**

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <span style="COLOR: #cf1717; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif"> The treatment of mental disorders may include the use of [|psychotherapy] <span style="COLOR: #cf1717; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">, [|psychiatric medication] <span style="COLOR: #cf1717; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">, or  [|case management]  <span style="COLOR: #cf1717; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">.

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 120%; COLOR: #0051ff; FONT-FAMILY: Georgia, serif">Mental health care in Western science and medicine has been historically characterized by social exclusion and inequality. Mental health and illness are socially and culturally constructed.